When we talk to other people about achieving goals, we often
speak in terms that relate to energy. We
think of ourselves as getting energized to get to work. Psychologists talk about the energy that is
related to achieving goals as arousal.
Is this mental energy just a metaphor? That is, are these
goals just energized in the mind, or does that energy translate to
physiological energy in the rest of the body?
This question was explored in a paper in the February, 2014
issue of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin
by Timur Sevincer, Daniel Busatta, and Gabriele Oettingen.
In one study, they looked at a method that Gabriele
Oettingen and her colleagues have used many times in the past to study the
arousal of goals. Their works shows that
a good way to energize a goal is to do a mental contrast. First, think about the desired future that
you want to achieve. Then, think about
where you are right now related to that goal.
For people who believe the goal can be achieved, this mental contrasting
is an effective way of energizing the goal.
But, for people who believe that the goal is impossible to achieve, this
kind of mental contrasting actually makes people less interested in achieving
the goal.
In this study, the researchers linked this kind of mental
energy to physiological energy using changes in systolic blood pressure. In one study, college students came to the
lab and had a baseline blood pressure measurement. They also did a task where they squeezed a
metal hand grip and the researchers measured how long they could hold the hand
grip closed. This task is often used in
psychology experiments as a measure of physical effort.
After that, participants were told that they were going to
write a fictitious graduate admissions essay.
They rated how well they thought they would do in this task. That was a measure of their belief in whether
they would succeed.
Next, some participants did a mental contrasting exercise in
which they thought about an aspect of themselves like self-confidence and
focused first on how writing the essay would make them feel in the future. Then, they thought about that aspect in
themselves right now. A second group
thought only about the future. A third
group focused on unrelated interactions with a teacher.
After these exercises, participants had a second measure of
systolic blood pressure. They also
squeezed the hand grip again.
Participants did not actually write an essay.
Participants in the future and control conditions showed no
particularly strong pattern of results.
Their systolic blood pressure was not strongly influenced by their
thoughts, and there was no major change in their ability to squeeze the hand grip.
The participants in the contrasting condition showed an
interesting pattern, though. When they
thought the task was not achievable, their systolic blood pressure went
down. When they thought it was highly
achievable, then their systolic blood pressure went up. The same pattern was observed with the hand
grip. Those who thought the task was not
achievable held the grip closed for a shorter period of time than they had in
the baseline condition, but those who thought it was achievable held it for a longer
period of time.
This study suggests that getting mentally energized to
achieve a goal creates physiological energy.
That energy is reflected both in a change in blood pressure as well as
an increased ability to perform a physical task.
Perhaps it should not be so surprising that mental energy
creates a physiological response. The
brain controls bodily action, and many of our goals require physical
reactions. In the modern era, though, a
lot of our mental work is done without much physical activity, and so it is
easier to believe that the goals engaged by the brain are contained primarily
in the brain.
