Over the years, many studies have examined what people find
attractive in faces. One important
factor is symmetry. If you draw a line
down the middle of someone’s face, the more similar the right and left sides of
the face, the more attractive it is seen to be.
Evolutionary psychologists have argued that we like symmetry in faces,
because it is a sign of health.
Symmetry is not the only factor that affects attractiveness,
of course. For example, Marilyn Monroe
had a prominent mole on only one side of her face. This mole may have helped to draw people’s
attention to her face, which then increased her perceived beauty.
One demonstration that symmetry is important to judgments of
facial attractiveness comes from morphing studies. In these experiments, people rate the
attractiveness of a series of faces along with one face that is the morphed
average of the set of faces. This
morphed average is generally seen as more attractive than the mean rating of
all of the faces from which it was generated.
A big reason for this advantage for the average face is that it is much
more symmetric than the individual faces from which it was generated. The morphing process eliminates the
asymmetries in the individual faces.
An interesting paper by Jamin Halberstadt, Diane Pecher,
Rene Zeelenberg, Laurent Ip Wai, and Piotr Winkielman in the November, 2013
issue of Psychological Science demonstrates
that the familiarity of a face may play an even bigger role in the
attractiveness of the faces than symmetry.
The authors started with 28 pictures of celebrities from the
Netherlands and 28 pictures of celebrities from New Zealand. They created morphs of pairs of faces to
create 14 morphs. Then, participants
from the Netherlands and New Zealand rated the attractiveness of the morphs as
well as the attractiveness of the individual faces. All of the morphs were rated first.
Participants were also asked whether they
recognized the morphs and the individual faces.
When participants rated faces of celebrities from another
country, the typical averaging effect was observed. The New Zealand participants found the morphs
of two Dutch celebrities to be more attractive than the individual photos. The Dutch participants found the morphs of
two celebrities from New Zealand to be more attractive than the individual
photos.
When people judged celebrities from their own country,
though, familiarity took over. On
average, the ratings of the individual faces of celebrities from that culture
were seen as more attractive than the morphs.
The more strongly that a person recognized the celebrity, the more
strongly they preferred the individual faces to the morphs.
This study is a nice demonstration of the influence of
familiarity on judgments. We are wired
to prefer familiar things to unfamiliar ones. For example, the mere exposure effect demonstrates that
seeing something even once makes it more desirable than something that has
never been seen before. So, even though
there may be general factors that can make something attractive or desirable,
there is no substitute for making it familiar.
