Innovation provides a key path to business success. In the 1970s, it may have seemed
inconceivable that computers would some day become just another commodity. Just 40 years later, most manufacturers of
computers are competing to produce the fastest cheapest machines, and so they
operate on small profit margins.
The exception to this trend comes from innovative companies
like Apple. Companies that bring out new
and exciting projects capture people’s imaginations and ultimately people are
willing to pay a premium for their new products.
Because of the key role of innovation in generating new
business, companies are on the lookout for people who are likely to bring a
creative spirit to their work. A paper by Carmit Tadmor, Adam Galinsky, and
William Maddux in the September, 2012 issue of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology explores how living
abroad can influence people’s creativity.
This research expands on a previous
paper involving some of these researchers.
When people live abroad for an extended period of time,
there are three possibilities for their relationship to their host
culture. One possibility is that they
will retain their original cultural identity and keep themselves separate from
their host culture. A second possibility
is that they will assimilate to the host culture and lose their original
cultural identity. A third possibility
is that they will become bicultural, and will retain a strong tie both to their
original culture and to the host culture.
The researchers suggest that when people become bicultural,
it helps them to see many sides to an issue.
This integrative complexity
allows them to be more creative. After
all, being creative often involves seeing things in more than one way.
They tested this prospect in a series of studies using
people who had lived abroad. In each
study, the researchers measured whether people were separate from their host
culture, assimilated to it, or bicultural.
They also assessed a variety of personality characteristics to ensure
that the findings were based on the degree to which people became bicultural
and not because of a basic personality variable that leads people to be more
accepting of a new culture. They also
measured people’s tendency toward integrative complexity by having them write
essays about a dilemma. Essays
displaying integrative complexity were ones that acknowledge both sides of the
dilemma and talked about the relationship between the opposing sides.
In one simple study, participants were asked to list as many
functions as possible for a brick.
Previous research suggests that creative people are more likely to find
many uses for a brick than those who are not that creative. Participants who were bicultural typically
found more uses for a brick than either those who were separate or assimilated
to the host culture. Statistical
analyses suggested that the best explanation for this difference was that the
bicultural participants also displayed more integrative complexity in their
essays.
Two other studies explored the workplace. One study found that bicultural individuals
were more likely than separated and assimilated individuals to start new
companies based on new ideas and to generate new ideas that were successfully
implemented in their companies. A second
study found that bicultural individuals were also more likely than separated
and assimilated individuals to be promoted and to achieve high levels of status
in their company. In both cases, the
degree of integrative complexity supported by being bicultural was the best
statistical explanation for these findings.
Putting all of this together, the value of living abroad
comes from putting in effort to understand the new culture while at the same
time retaining an original cultural identity.
Truly understanding and identifying with two cultures allows people to
see the same issue from multiple perspectives.
In real world settings, this ability to consider different sides of a
situation allows people to generate new ideas and to innovate. These findings suggest that companies would
do well to find employees with experience in more than one culture.
